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| Mud and clay: |
The amount of each material used leads to different
styles of buildings. The deciding factor is usually
connected with the quality of the soil being used. Larger
amounts of clay usually mean using the cob/adobe style,
while low clay soil is usually associated with sod building.
The other main ingredients include more or less gravel
and straw/grasses. Rammed earth is both an old and newer
take on creating walls, once made by compacting clay
soils between planks by hand, now forms and mechanical
pneumatic compressors are used.
Soil and especially clay
is good thermal mass; it is very good at keeping temperatures
at a constant level. Homes built with earth tend to
be naturally cool in the summer heat and warm in cold
weather. Clay holds heat or cold, releasing it over
a period of time like stone. Earthen walls change temperature
slowly, so artificially raising or lowering the temperature
can use more resources then in say a wood built house,
but the heat/coolness stays longer. |
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| Wood: |
Wood is a product
of trees used for construction purposes when cut into
lumber and timber, such as boards, planks and similar
materials. It is a generic building material and is
used in building just about any type of structure in
most climates. Wood can be very flexible under loads,
keeping strength while bending, and is incredibly strong
when compressed vertically. There are many differing
qualities to the different types of wood, even among
same tree species. This means specific species are better
for various uses than others. And growing conditions
are important for deciding quality.
Historically, wood for building large
structures was used in its unprocessed form as logs.
The trees were just cut to the needed length, sometimes
stripped of bark, and then notched or lashed in to place.
In earlier times most country homes or communities had
a personal wood-lot from which the family or community
would grow and harvest trees to build with. These lots
would be tended to like a garden. With the invention
of mechanizing saws came the mass production of dimensional
lumber. This made buildings quicker to put up and more
uniform. Thus the modern western style home was made. |
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| Brick and stone: |
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A brick is a block made of kiln-fired material, usually
clay or shale, but also may be of mud, etc. Clay bricks
are formed in a moulding (the soft mud method), or in
commercial manufacture more frequently by extruding
clay through a die and then wire-cutting them to the
proper size (the stiff mud process). Dry-stone walls
have been built for as long as humans have put one stone
on top of another. Slate is another stone type commonly
used as roofing material in the United Kingdom and other
parts of the world.
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| Concrete: |
Concrete is a composite building material made from the combination
of aggregate (composite) and a binder such as cement. The
most common form of concrete is portland cement concrete,
which consists of mineral aggregate, portland cement and water.
After mixing, the cement hydrates and eventually hardens into
a stone-like material. When used in the generic sense, this
is the material referred to by the term concrete.
For a concrete construction
of any size, as concrete has a rather low tensile strength,
it is generally strengthened using steel rods or bars (known
as rebars). This strengthened concrete is then referred to
as reinforced concrete. In order to minimise any air bubbles,
that would weaken the structure, a vibrator is used to eliminate
any air that has been entrained when the liquid concrete mix
is poured around the ironwork. |
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| Metal: |
Metal is used as structural framework for larger buildings
such as skyscrapers, or as an external surface covering. Steel
is a metal alloy whose major component is iron, and is the
usual choice for metal structural building materials. The
lower density and better corrosion resistance of aluminium
alloys sometimes overcome their greater cost. Metal figures
quite prominently in prefabricated structures such as the
Quonset hut.
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| Glass: |
Clear windows have been used since the invention of glass
to cover small openings in a building. Modern glass "curtain
walls" can be used to cover the entire facade of a building.
Glass can also be used to span over a wide roof structure
in a "space frame".
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| Plastic: |
The term plastics covers a range of synthetic or semi-synthetic
organic condensation or polymerization products that can be
molded or extruded into objects or films or fibers. Their
name is derived from the fact that in their semi-liquid state
they are malleable, or have the property of plasticity. Plastics
vary immensely in heat tolerance, hardness, and resiliency.
Combined with this adaptability, the general uniformity of
composition and lightness of plastics ensures their use in
almost all industrial applications today.
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| Fabric: |
The tent used to be the home of choice among nomadic groups.
Two well known types include the conical teepee and the circular
yurt. It has been revived as a major construction technique
with the development of tensile architecture. Modern buildings
can be made of flexible material such as fabric membranes,
and supported by a system of steel cables or internal air
pressure. Buckminster Fuller was the creator of the geodesic
dome design, often used as a sub-structure for a tent.
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| Rock: |
Rock structures have exisited for as long as history can recall.
It is the longest lasting building material available, and
is usually readily available. There are many types of rock
through out the world all with differing attributes that make
them better or worse for particular uses. Rock is a very dense
material so it gives a lot of protection too, its main draw-back
as a material is its weight and awkwardness. Its energy density
is also considered a big draw-back, as stone is hard to keep
warm with out using large amounts of heating resources.
The granite-strewn uplands of Dartmoor National
Park, United Kingdom, for example, provided ample resources
for early settlers. Circular huts were constructed from loose
granite rocks throughout the Neolithic and early Bronze Age,
and the remains of an estimated 5,000 can still be seen today.
Granite continued to be used throughout the Medieval period
(see Dartmoor longhouse) and into modern times. Mostly stone
buildings can be seen in most major cities, some civilisations
built entirely with stone such as the Pyramids in Egypt, the
Aztec pyramids and the remains of the Inca civilisation. |
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| Foam: |
More recently synthetic polystyrene or polyurethane foam has
been used on a limited scale. It is light weight, easily shaped
and an excellent insulator. It is usually used as part of
a structural insulated panel where the foam is sandwiched
between wood or cement.
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Online
Construction Material Information:
Kalinga Coatings: Provide solution to Indian
flooring problem with Epoxy
Flooring and Polyurethane Flooring. Flooring
must be etched prior to applying epoxy to ensure that the
epoxy adheres. Find solution as directed, usually one part
water to one part Epoxy Flooring solution. Type of flooring
consisting of marble chips set in cement or epoxy resin that
is poured and ground smooth when dry.
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